PDCD1 and cancer: Despite the positive results in other cancer types, no clinical benefit was observed when patients with mUC were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition in combination with standard platinum-based chemotherapy over chemotherapy alone in both the KEYNOTE-361 (pembrolizumab) and in the IMvigor130 (atezolizumab) trials (25, 27).