TNF and fetal growth restriction: Greater hepatic TNFα, IL-6, and TLR4 were also observed in IUGR-born pigs at weaning and in IUGR-born rats in adulthood, which corresponded to greater percentages of phosphorylated IκBα and NFκB (Liu et al., 2014; Tarry-Adkins et al., 2016; He et al., 2018).