Eventually, however, high circulating cytokine concentrations subsided and in many cases even fell below normal; plasma TNFα was reduced by 50% in IUGR-born neonatal lambs (Posont et al., 2021), and IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-8 concentrations were reduced in young IUGR-born piglets (Zhong et al., 2012). Here, IL4 is linked to fetal growth restriction.