RAF1 and cancer: Previous studies have demonstrated that the NTS/NTSR1 complex plays an essential role in regulating tumorigenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and differentiation in a variety of cancers [39–41], primarily through pathways such as Rho GTPases/FAK, IP3/DAG/Ca2+ release, and PKC/RAF-1/MAPKs [38].