The top differentially expressed genes in responders are immune-related genes (e.g., CCL19, CXCL14, IGHM, CXCL6), while in the non-responders, there is increased expression of tumor markers (e.g., AFP, IGF2, WNK4) (Additional file 2: Table S1), suggesting that in patients responding to CABO/NIVO, there is an active immune or inflammatory response not observed in samples from non-responders. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL6 and neoplasm.