To elucidate the effect of exosomes on CAFs activation and tumor progression in vivo, the tumor xenografts were subcutaneously implanted with both A549 cells and NIH-3T3, with or without CUL3 overexpression, and followed by intratumor injection of A549-Con or A549-COX-2 exosomes. Here, PTGS2 is linked to neoplasm.