HGF and cardiac amyloidosis: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is significantly elevated in patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis compared to other groups, including those with non-cardiac systemic amyloidosis (Swiger et al., 2016[129]), and has been identified as a discriminatory serum biomarker that may improve prognostic and staging systems in AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis (Wang et al., 2020[134]).