These findings, along with the discoveries made by other researchers, suggest that these stromal cells, through the actions of RANKL and CCL-2, have the potential to influence the proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, and intravasation of breast tumor cells during the early stages of this type of cancer (Dwyer et al., 2007; Dittmer et al., 2011; Palafox et al., 2012; Potter et al., 2012; Mimeault and Batra, 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and cancer.