CCDC8 and 3-M syndrome: In 2011, Hanson et al. first discovered that mutations in CCDC8 can cause 3M syndrome (Hanson et al., 2011); when the CCDC8 protein was knocked out, there was no effect on CUL7 and OBSL1 protein expression levels, but there was an influence on the centrosome localization of CUL7 in mitotic cells, indicating that CCDC8 can regulate CUL7 localization (Yan et al., 2014).