CFTR and cystic fibrosis: Both methods have shown promising results in animal models, with improved pulmonary function and ion conductivity observed upon delivery of exogenous CFTR mRNA using nanoparticles [65]. Using exon-skipping antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy presents a promising approach for treating CF patients with the CFTR-W1282X nonsense mutation, a severe form of CF.