CLDN1 and diabetes mellitus: Guiton et al. (2010) and Qiu et al. (2021) demonstrated the injurious effect of IL-17A on T.gondii infection and diabetes with no evident protection. Also, in the current work, diabetes was associated with increased PD-1 expression that positively correlated with cerebral parasite burden. This highlighted the immune evasive role of the PD-1 pathway during insulin treatment (Heckl et al., 2021). Concomitantly, claudin-1 showed a reduced expression that demonstrates increased permeability and systemic pathway of the parasite (Luettig et al., 2015).