Additionally, HSDL2 knockdown stimulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CCA cells, evidenced by the decreased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the increased expression of the interstitial markers N-cadherin, VIM, MMP2, and MMP9 (Supplementary Figure 3A and B). Here, MMP9 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.