A mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics tool to quantify both NRF2 signaling and the presence and functions of leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment might improve prediction of therapeutic response and empower future studies of an NRF2-immune infiltration axis in cancer (18, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and neoplasm.