GDF15 and depressive symptom measurement: In older adults, significantly higher odds to have both-cognitive-frailty-and-depression with higher GDF15 concentrations (adjusted OR = 2.973 [1.527 – 5.789], p = 0.001; Fig. 1B, model 1, older adults) and with increasing GDF15 quartiles (adjusted OR = 1.585 [1.072 – 2.345], p = 0.021; Fig. 2B, model 1, older adults) were confirmed in age, BMI, sex, comorbidities and hsCRP-adjusted analyses.