Furthermore, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the proliferation and dissemination of bladder cancer cells by triggering pyroptosis and releasing IL-1β and IL-18, which enhance angiogenesis, invasion and immune escape [120]. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bladder cancer cells is augmented by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a crucial transcription factor that modulates cellular adaptation to hypoxia, by upregulating the expression of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β [121]. Here, HIF1A is linked to urinary bladder cancer.