RAF1 and gastric cancer: Treated KATO III cells displayed a clear downregulation of all the phosphorylated kinase forms i.e., p-ERK1/2, p–c-RAF, and p-AKT, and a mild downregulation of ERK1/2 suggesting that Pem could impair both PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in gastric cancer cell line (Fig. 1D, middle panel).