Abundant basic research has verified that TGF-β can thus exert its pro-tumorigenic function in primary bone tumors by promoting angiogenesis, bone remodeling, cell migration, and inhibiting immunosurveillance [24–26], but no clinical trial has proved that TGF-β determines resistance in primary anti-PD-1 therapy. Here, TGFB1 is linked to bone neoplasm.