TNF and COVID-19: Regarding biomarkers evaluated in long COVID-19 patients, other studies have reported that these patients exhibited higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines [IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN γ, IL-17, IL-10, and C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin] [46–48].