Genes encoding multiple co-chaperones of HSP70 were also upregulated in C9-ALS excitatory neurons, such as members of DNAJ and BAG families (Supplementary Dataset 3, 4), as well as several other heat shock proteins (e.g., HSPB1, HSPB11) that facilitate the function of HSP70s in different protein quality control systems, including the degradation of protein aggregates in chaperone assisted selective autophagy49–51. This evidence concerns the gene C9 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.