In both cortices, upregulated genes were enriched for multiple functions including cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (exemplified by ITGA6-7, CLU, COL4A2 genes), actin cytoskeleton (e.g., ACTN1, PALLD), and cell migration (e.g., CRB2, CORO1C), suggesting substantial cytoskeleton and cell-surface protein remodeling of the C9-ALS astrocytes (GO enrichment FDR < 0.05, Fig. 3e; Supplementary Dataset 5). Here, ACTN1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.