For example, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy targeting the interaction between the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 receptor-ligand pair has proven to be highly effective in many cancer types, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell cancer, and solid tumors deficient in mismatch repair5. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.