However, the advent of immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, overcame the treatment bottleneck, and other clinical trials have explored different immunotherapy combination regimens with first‐line treatments of advanced ESCC, including chemotherapy and targeted therapy.2, 3, 4. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.