TNF and COVID-19: Severe manifestations of COVID-19 may be partly accounted for by an autoimmune reaction mediated by a dysregulated network of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and antibodies (da Silva et al., 2021; Qin et al., 2022).