PDCD1 and neoplasm: Shi etal’s study (Shi et al., 2022) found that the number of PD1+CD8+ and TIM3+CD8+T lymphocytes in the tumor micro-environment of NSCLC patients with BLI increased significantly compared to patients with pure NSCLC, the anti-tumor immune function of exhausted CD8+T cells is impaired, the secretion of cell factors such as IFN-γ and TNF-α is reduced, and the expression of inhibitory receptors increases.