PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Immunotherapy has made significant strides in the treatment of NSCLC in recent years, particularly with ICIs represented by inhibitors of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, which have substantially enhanced NSCLC patients’ survival and prognosis (Yan et al., 2022; You et al., 2023).