The study found that higher levels of SDF-1α (OR=1.211, 95% CI 1.018 - 1.442, P = 0.033) and TNF-β (OR=1.114, 95% CI 1.022 - 1.215, P = 0.011) were associated with an increased risk of CKD using Wald analysis. Here, CXCL12 is linked to chronic kidney disease.