TNF and periodontitis: In periodontitis, macrophages secrete chemotactic and different cytokines such as RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted), MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-3α, MIP-1β, and IL-8, which activate and migrate leukocytes, and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, which activate osteoclastogenesis processes and the degradation of periodontal tissue (97).