HMGCR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: CGA and caffeic acid were suggested to improve body weight, lipid metabolism, and obesity-related hormone levels in high-fat diet-induced mice, which may through changing plasma adipokine level and body fat distribution and suppressing the activities of fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR), and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), whereas stimulating fatty acid β-oxidation activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) expression in the liver [11].