HMGCR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has been reported that CGA termed as 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) improved obesity through stimulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR), and enhanced the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase [22].