FTO and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Except for TMEM18, the other SNPs were previously shown to drive the interaction of fried foods, e.g., any deep-fried foods enjoyed at home or away from home on BMI in three US cohorts40, while an independent effect was noted only for FTO. The FTO (rs1421085) gene has been associated repeatedly with various obesity phenotypes in different study designs and populations46 (Supplementary Table 3), and its expression is aggregated in primary adipocytes47.