These include other infectious diseases (e.g., HIV), parasitic infections (e.g., hookworm), nutritional issues (e.g., Vitamin A or B12 deficiencies), enzymopathies (e.g., G6PD), haemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell anaemia)5, age (further complicated by difference age-ranges in the population survey and hospitalisation data sets that we adjust for), socio-economic variables and malaria treatment. This evidence concerns the gene G6PD and sickle cell disease.