TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Previous evidence has revealed that some inflammatory disorders (acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes, primary biliary cirrhosis, and multiple sclerosis (MS)) are associated with a cytokine storm (characterized by high levels of IL-­6, IL­12p70, and IL-­1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) [5–7].