More specifically, miR-192-5p and miR-21-5p expression was enhanced in individuals with HF and CRS, with a corresponding downregulation of key targets previously implicated as protective in renal fibrosis — e.g., miR-192-5p: BMP6 (43, 44), TIMP3 (45–47); miR-21-5p: SMAD7 (48–50). Here, SMAD7 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.