SPP1/OPN was reported to promote renal fibrosis and bone marrow fibrosis by activating fibroblast or mesenchymal stromal cells.66,67 To justify the role of SPP1/OPN in fibrotic remodeling of PVAT, we next examined the expression level and spatial distribution in coronary PVAT, respectively. The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is renal fibrosis.