Fibrotic-related genes including ACTN1, COL6A1, MFGE8, IGFBP7, EN1, SPARC, MAP1B, EDIL3, TPM1, COL6A2, and BGN were highly expressed in fibroblast cells and myofibroblasts in the AF group (Figure S6C). This evidence concerns the gene SPARC and atrial fibrillation.