Fibrotic-related genes including ACTN1, COL6A1, MFGE8, IGFBP7, EN1, SPARC, MAP1B, EDIL3, TPM1, COL6A2, and BGN were highly expressed in fibroblast cells and myofibroblasts in the AF group (Figure S6C). Here, BGN is linked to atrial fibrillation.