Consequently, PKR expression is induced by chemical inhibition of OXPHOS (Lee et al, 2020) and PKR activation is not only associated with IBD but also a hallmark of osteoarthritis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease (Bando et al., 2005; Rath et al., 2011; Ohno, 2014). This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK2 and neurodegenerative disease.