Ten of these 27 RDC genes (37.0%), i.e., Csmd1, Csmd3, Ntm, Cdh13, Magi1, Grik2, Rbfox1, Ctnnd2, Cadm2 and Wwox also occurred in our list of up-DPpGCs in ALS, emphasizing the role of genomic instability in ALS-related circular DNA production. Here, CSMD3 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.