INS and Insulin resistance: Proposed mechanisms of PFAS influences on glucose levels observed in pregnancy include inflammation and oxidative stress which can impair insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, alterations in fatty acid and adipose tissue disfunction including changes in adipokine secretion and adipocyte differentiation, which is associated with insulin resistance, and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) based on toxicological evidence [72, 73].