TNF and colitis: Recently, we reported that Lpc-EV treatment in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells downregulates the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, and TNFα; increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ; and attenuates intestinal inflammatory responses in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice12.