Lpc-EV treatment in Tg-APP/PS1 mice alleviated key AD-like pathology, including Aβ-plaque deposition (Fig. 5), neuroinflammatory responses (Fig. 6; Supplementary Fig. 5), and neurogenesis (Fig. 7; Supplementary Fig. 6), and improved cognitive deficits (Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene PSEN1 and Alzheimer disease.