ADAR and infection: While the relative mRNA expression of adenosine deaminase RNA-1 specific (ADAR-1) and latent RNase (RNaseL) did not show any difference between BA.5 and ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 infection of lungs samples of hACE2.Tg mice (Supplementary Fig. 1f), mRNA expression of anti-viral genes 2’−5’-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)−2 and OAS-3, OAS-19 was found to be significantly up-regulated in BA.5 as compared to ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 infection.