TNF and neoplasm: Treatment with FTY720 or Etan significantly abrogated R848@M2pep-MPsAFP-induced anticancer activity (Supplementary Fig. 31d, e) and the enhanced CD8+ T cell numbers in tumor tissues (Supplementary Fig. 31f), further confirming that the R848@M2pep-MPsAFP-induced increase of CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues was at least partly dependent on the recruitment of CD8+ T cells, and TNF-α was involved in the R848@M2pep-MPsAFP-induced CD8+ T cell recruitment into tumor tissues.