PDCD1 and neoplasm: Considering that R848@M2pep-MPsAFP efficiently enhanced CD8+ T cells and stem-like CD8+ T cells, remodeled tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, and increased CD8+PD-1+ T cells (Supplementary Fig. 32a) and PD-L1+ tumor cells (Supplementary Fig. 32b) in tumor tissues, the effects of R848@M2pep-MPsAFP on the anticancer efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody were first evaluated in orthotopic Hepa1-6 tumor-bearing mice (Fig. 6a).