Moreover, the immune microenvironment analysis in tumor tissues showed that the combination of R848@M2pep-MPsOVA and anti-PD-1 antibody efficiently enhanced the numbers (Fig. 8l and Supplementary Fig. 43a–c) and OVA antigen presentation (Fig. 8l and Supplementary Fig. 43d) of M1-like TAMs compared with R848@M2pep-MPsOVA or anti-PD-1 antibody. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.