PDCD1 and neoplasm: In addition to the fabrication of R848@M2pep-MPsAFP for enhanced anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC, R848@M2pep-MPsOVA derived from a model antigen OVA-overexpressed macrophages were developed to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody in B16-OVA tumor-bearing mice by reprogramming M2-like TAMs into M1-like phenotype, followed by presenting OVA to activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of stem-like CD8+ T cells.