As for gene mutations, FLT3-mutated AML patients with NPM1 receiving chemotherapy were reported to benefit from sorafenib, gilteritinib and midostaurin.18,28,29 Recently, Smith et al. reported that gilteritinib improved OS in the patients with co-occurring mutations on NPM1, DNMT3A and triple-mutated, but could not overcome those with TP53.28 These results came mainly from the patients undergoing chemotherapy. Here, NPM1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.