Because intestinal barrier function is critically impaired in IBD and CIE, complex neutraceuticals that provide antioxidants and can enhance intestinal GLP-2 secretion, and thus support enterocyte tight junctions and intestinal barrier integrity (e.g., berberine, soy flavonoids, pre-/probiotics, soluble fiber, glutamine), may be useful to restore and maintain intestinal health (272). Here, GCG is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.