Proinflammatory mediators and/or cytokines,particularly interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and variousother IL-1-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, are the primary causes of insulin resistance byinducing different inflammatory responses. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.