Dugan et al. (69) also demonstrated increased JNK phosphorylation in whole bladders of rats with acute (4-hour) and intermediate (48-hour) CYP-induced cystitis; treatment with SP600125, which blocks JNK phosphorylation, subsequently improved bladder function and reduced neuropeptide (substance P, CGRP) expression. This evidence concerns the gene NPS and chronic cystitis.