TGFB1 and nervous system disorder: It has been shown that TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling is associated with several pathological features of neurological diseases, such as dopaminergic neurodegeneration, reduction of dopaminergic axons and dendrites, α-synuclein aggregation, and modulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission [48–51].