SPDEF and lung carcinoma: In lung cancer cells, S100A8/A9 can bind to overexpressed NPTNβ, activating transcription factors NFIA by TRAF2 and RAS signaling, and ultimately promotes cellular spheroidal growth, migration, and invasion through downstream molecules SAM pointed-domain containing E26 transformation-specific transcription factor (SPDEF) (Sumardika et al., 2019).