In addition, many studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB, matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2), and other proteins also participate in S100A8/A9-mediated cancer cell migration and invasion through different transduction pathways (Kwon et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2014; Herik Rodrigo et al., 2022). Here, S100A8 is linked to cancer.