MAPK3 and neoplasm: ALCAM can also enhance the cancer stem cell-like (CSC) phenotype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and ALCAM downregulation decreases tumor sphere formation, thus inhibiting CSC-like characteristics and weakening tumorigenesis capacity in vivo (Chen X. et al., 2021).