Tumor-associated microglia promoting glioma cell invasion can be mediated by CSF-1R signaling on gliomas, a pathway involving CSF-1 signaling via ERK that upregulates the expression of dual-regulatory proteins (AREG) in microglia, which are ligands for epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) (92). The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is glioma.