CSF3 and malignant glioma: In contrast, in a rat model, stimulation with G-CSF (CSF-3) enhanced microglia proliferation and infiltration of tumors, accompanied by a decrease in TGF-β and IL-10 production and enhanced antigen expression, ultimately improving survival in rats transplanted with hypodifferentiated malignant gliomas by altering the tumor microenvironment (150).