TNF and central nervous system cancer: Furthermore, in glioma specimens obtained from human patients, immune cells isolated from tumor margins demonstrated elevated expression of genes encoding cytokines (CCL3/4 and TNF) and pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1A, IL-1B and IL6-R), whereas immune cells isolated from tumor cores upregulated genes involved in angiogenesis (VEGFA/B) and those encoding pro-inflammatory inhibitors of cytokines (IL1RN).