IL1B and infection: Secondly, enhanced level of cytokines and chemokines (e.g.IL1B, IL6, CCL5-2, CXCL9-10, and TNFα) in the mother, placenta, and/or neonate was reported in SARS-COV-2 (Fenizia et al., 2020; Cribiu et al., 2021; DeGrace et al., 2022) and ZIKV (Lima et al., 2019; Rabelo et al., 2020) infections.