We observed the expression levels of VDAC1 were markedly upregulated in MM patients than that in healthy donors (P = 0.0056, Fig. 7B), while the expression levels of PINK1 and HUWE1 were downregulated in MM patients (P = 0.001, P = 0.019, Fig. 7C and D). Here, HUWE1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.