To evaluate the association between immune responses and the risk of future infections, IgG, IgA, nAb, and IFN-γ levels were studied in a subcohort of infection-naive individuals who remained uninfected (not future infected) after the 12-month sampling and infection-naive individuals who became infected after sample collection assessed by a positive RT-PCR test (future infected) (Fig. 8, demographic characteristics in Supplementary Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and infection.