TIAL1 and viral infectious disease: However, under the selected stress conditions including virus infection, TIAR undergoes dramatic nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation.35 In order to investigate whether HBV infection affects the subcellular localization of TIAR, we performed an IF assay, which clearly showed the cytoplasmic accumulation of TIAR in HepAD38 cells upon the induction of HBV replication (Fig. 6a, left).