GNE and kidney disorder: A similar pathology is described in multiple animal models of kidney disease, including mice exposed to pneumococcal neuraminidase (NanA) (7), puromycin amino nucleoside (8), or polylysine (9) or mice with genetic defects that disrupt sialic acid metabolism: e.g., Cmas (10), C1galt1 (11), ST3GAL1 (12, 13), or acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (Gne) (14).