TNF and obesity disorder: Paralleling this remodeling of adipose tissue, we found that leptin, resistin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, TNF-α, and IL-6 were elevated in serum from DIO-HFD mice relative to CON-LFD, and DIO-VSG suppressed this obesity-driven increase (Supplemental Figure 2, A–F).